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1 high-powered money
Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > high-powered money
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2 high powered money
денежная база
Сумма выпущенных в оборот наличных денег и резервов коммерческих банков. Они составляют пассив в балансе Центрального банка. Размеры Д.б. регулируются Центральным банком страны путем операций на открытом рынке: продажи и покупки банком государственных ценных бумаг. Соотношение между Д.б. и денежной массой М2 определяется денежным мультипликатором: М2 = Д.б. ? Д.м. Денежная база – основа денежной системы, которую непосредственно контролирует Центральный банк, формируя денежное предложение. Она состоит из двух частей: чистые международные резервы и чистые внутренние активы. ЧМР это та часть, которая обеспечена золотом и конвертируемой валютой, а ЧВА представляют собой напечатанные деньги. Когда ЦБ предоставляет кредит правительству на финансирование дефицита бюджета – он наращивает чистые внутренние активы. Когда тот же ЦБ скупает валюту, чтобы не допустить удорожания роста курса рубля по отношению к доллару – он накапливает чистые международные резервы. Другое название Д.б. — деньги повышенной эффективности. Это соотношение хорошо показывает рисунок Д.1, заимствованный нами из книги: С.Фишер и др. Экономика., М.»Дело», 1993 г. Рис. Д.1. Денежная база и денежная масса Отношение денежной массы к денежной базе (сумме денег повышенной эффективности) - денежный мультипликатор.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > high powered money
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3 high-powered money
эк. деньги повышенной мощностиSyn:
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= monetary base; central bank money.* * ** * *деньги повышенной мощности; деньги повышенной эффективности. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
4 high-powered money
деньги "самого высокого класса" ;Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > high-powered money
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5 high-powered money
3) Дипломатический термин: деньги "повышенной эффективности" (служащие для кредитной экспансии) -
6 high-powered money
гроші підвищеної ефективності; гроші підвищеної потужності -
7 High-powered money
مجموع النقود المتداولة مضاف إليها الاحتياطيات النقدية لدى البنك اَلْمَرْكَزِيّ -
8 high-powered money
деньги "повышенной эффективности" (служащие основой для кредитной экспансии)Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > high-powered money
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9 high-powered money
деньги "повышенной эффективности" -
10 high-powered money
деньги "повышенной эффективности" (служащие для кредитной экспансии) -
11 high powered money
[com] primarni novac, monetarna baza -
12 high-powered money
s.dinero de alta potencia, dinero de gran potencia. -
13 high powered money
ஆற்றல்மிகு பணம் -
14 MONETARY BASE/HIGH-POWERED MONEY
Денежная база/деньги «высокой эффективности»
Часть денежной массы, регулируемая напрямую центральным банком страны. В Великобритании - это деньги в обращении (банкноты и монета), а также кассовая наличность коммерческих банков и остатки их средств на счетах в Банке Англии, что соответствует денежному агрегату М0. См. Money-supply definitions, Monetary policy.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > MONETARY BASE/HIGH-POWERED MONEY
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15 money
1) деньги, платёжное средство2) pl денежные суммы3) pl монетная система валюты4) ссуда -
16 money
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17 monetary base
эк. денежная [монетарная\] база (часть предложения денег, находящаяся под непосредственным контролем центрального банка страны; состоит из денежных средств в обращении, т. е. денежных средств на руках у населения и предприятий, и банковских резервов, т. е. кассовой наличности банков и депозитов в центральном банке)Syn:See:
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монетарная (денежная) база: показатель денежной массы в обращении, включающий наличные деньги в обращении и счета (резервы) коммерческих банков в центральном банке (иногда также средства корпораций в центральном банке); денежная база является основой всех показателей денежной массы и контроль за ней представляет собой важную функцию любого центрального банка; = М0.* * ** * *база денежной массы; денежная база; монетарная база. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Банки/Банковские операциибанковские резервы - кассовая наличность и депозиты в главных банках, федеральных резервных банках плюс наличность, обращающаяся вне банкаБанки/Банковские операциисовокупность элементов денежной массы, состоящей из суммы денежных средств, находящихся в банках, на руках у частных лиц, банковских депозитах в центральном банке -
18 monetary base
денежная база
Сумма выпущенных в оборот наличных денег и резервов коммерческих банков. Они составляют пассив в балансе Центрального банка. Размеры Д.б. регулируются Центральным банком страны путем операций на открытом рынке: продажи и покупки банком государственных ценных бумаг. Соотношение между Д.б. и денежной массой М2 определяется денежным мультипликатором: М2 = Д.б. ? Д.м. Денежная база – основа денежной системы, которую непосредственно контролирует Центральный банк, формируя денежное предложение. Она состоит из двух частей: чистые международные резервы и чистые внутренние активы. ЧМР это та часть, которая обеспечена золотом и конвертируемой валютой, а ЧВА представляют собой напечатанные деньги. Когда ЦБ предоставляет кредит правительству на финансирование дефицита бюджета – он наращивает чистые внутренние активы. Когда тот же ЦБ скупает валюту, чтобы не допустить удорожания роста курса рубля по отношению к доллару – он накапливает чистые международные резервы. Другое название Д.б. — деньги повышенной эффективности. Это соотношение хорошо показывает рисунок Д.1, заимствованный нами из книги: С.Фишер и др. Экономика., М.»Дело», 1993 г. Рис. Д.1. Денежная база и денежная масса Отношение денежной массы к денежной базе (сумме денег повышенной эффективности) - денежный мультипликатор.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > monetary base
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19 Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)
[br]b. 8 February 1825 Paris, Franced. 14 April 1882 Paris, France[br]French pioneer of airships and balloons, inventor of an injector for steam-boiler feedwater.[br]Giffard entered the works of the Western Railway of France at the age of 16 but became absorbed by the problem of steam-powered aerial navigation. He proposed a steam-powered helicopter in 1847, but he then turned his attention to an airship. He designed a lightweight coke-burning, single-cylinder steam engine and boiler which produced just over 3 hp (2.2 kW) and mounted it below a cigar-shaped gas bag 44 m (144 ft) in length. A triangular rudder was fitted at the rear to control the direction of flight. On 24 September 1852 Giffard took off from Paris and, at a steady 8 km/h (5 mph), he travelled 28 km (17 miles) to Trappes. This can be claimed to be the first steerable lighter-than-air craft, but with a top speed of only 8 km/h (5 mph) even a modest headwind would have reduced the forward speed to nil (or even negative). Giffard built a second airship, which crashed in 1855, slightly injuring Giffard and his companion; a third airship was planned with a very large gas bag in order to lift the inherently heavy steam engine and boiler, but this was never built. His airships were inflated by coal gas and refusal by the gas company to provide further supplies brought these promising experiments to a premature end.As a draughtsman Giffard had the opportunity to travel on locomotives and he observed the inadequacies of the feed pumps then used to supply boiler feedwater. To overcome these problems he invented the injector with its series of three cones: in the first cone (convergent), steam at or below boiler pressure becomes a high-velocity jet; in the second (also convergent), it combines with feedwater to condense and impart high velocity to it; and in the third (divergent), that velocity is converted into pressure sufficient to overcome the pressure of steam in the boiler. The injector, patented by Giffard, was quickly adopted by railways everywhere, and the royalties provided him with funds to finance further experiments in aviation. These took the form of tethered hydrogen-inflated balloons of successively larger size. At the Paris Exposition of 1878 one of these balloons carried fifty-two passengers on each tethered "flight". The height of the balloon was controlled by a cable attached to a huge steam-powered winch, and by the end of the fair 1,033 ascents had been made and 35,000 passengers had seen Paris from the air. This, and similar balloons, greatly widened the public's interest in aeronautics. Sadly, after becoming blind, Giffard committed suicide; however, he died a rich man and bequeathed large sums of money to the State for humanitarian an scientific purposes.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCroix de la Légion d'honneur 1863.Bibliography1860, Notice théorique et pratique sur l'injecteur automoteur.1870, Description du premier aérostat à vapeur.Further ReadingDictionnaire de biographie française.Gaston Tissandier, 1872, Les Ballons dirigeables, Paris.—1878, Le Grand ballon captif à vapeur de M. Henri Giffard, Paris.W.de Fonvielle, 1882, Les Ballons dirigeables à vapeur de H.Giffard, Paris. Giffard is covered in most books on balloons or airships, e.g.: Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London. L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London.Ian McNeill (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 575 and 614.J.T.Hodgson and C.S.Lake, 1954, Locomotive Management, Tothill Press, p. 100.PJGR / JDSBiographical history of technology > Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)
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20 Heathcote, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 August 1783 Duffield, Derbyshire, Englandd. 18 January 1861 Tiverton, Devonshire, England[br]English inventor of the bobbin-net lace machine.[br]Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.[br]Bibliography1804, with William Caldwell, British patent no. 2,788 (lace-making machine). 1808. British patent no. 3,151 (machine for making narrow lace).1809. British patent no. 3,216 (machine for making Brussels lace). 1813, British patent no. 3,673.1825, British patent no. 5,103 (mechanical ornamentation of lace). 1825, British patent no. 5,144 (mechanical ornamentation of lace).Further ReadingV.Felkin, 1867, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture, Nottingham (provides a full account of Heathcote's early life and his inventions).A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides more details of his later years).W.G.Allen, 1958 John Heathcote and His Heritage (biography).M.R.Lane, 1980, The Story of the Steam Plough Works, Fowlers of Leeds, London (for comments about Heathcote's steam plough).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London, and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History ofTechnology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both describe the lace-making machine).RLH
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